Автоматизація створення контенту: як штучний інтелект змінює бізнес-моделі медіакомпаній
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20535/2522-1078.2024.2(16).319005Ключові слова:
бізнес-моделі медіа, бульбашки фільтрів, глибокі фейки, дезінформація, інформаційна безпека, конфіденційність даних, персоналізація контенту, створення медіаконтенту, штучний інтелектАнотація
У цій статті розглядається вплив штучного інтелекту (ШІ) на створення медіаконтенту та пов'язані з цим наслідки для бізнес-моделей та інформаційної безпеки. Інтеграція ШІ в медіа призвела до значних трансформацій у виробництві контенту, уможлививши безпрецедентний рівень ефективності, персоналізації та масштабованості. У дослідженні розглядається, як технології штучного інтелекту, такі як обробка природної мови та машинне навчання, застосовуються в секторах новин, розваг і соціальних мереж.
Тематичні дослідження таких великих організацій, як The New York Times, BBC, Netflix і Spotify, ілюструють різноманітні застосування штучного інтелекту у створенні, підтримці та доставці контенту. Попри численні переваги штучного інтелекту, він також створює виклики, пов'язані з дезінформацією, конфіденційністю даних та алгоритмічною упередженістю. У статті обговорюється потенціал фейкових новин і «глибоких фейків», створених штучним інтелектом, для підриву цілісності інформації.
Посилання
Ali M. et al. Discrimination through optimization: How Facebook's ad delivery can lead to biased outcomes. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 2019. Vol. 3, CSCW. P. 1-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3359301.
Associated Press's Artificial Intelligence Statement of Principles and Best Practices. Associated Press, 2020.
Artificial intelligence. Associated Press. URL: https://www.ap.org/solutions/artificial-intelligence/ (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Beckett C. New powers, new responsibilities. A global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence. London School of Economics and Political Science, 2019. 111 p.
Bender E. M. et al. On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. 2021. P. 610-623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922.
Broussard M. et al. Artificial Intelligence and Journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 2019. Vol. 96, no. 3. P. 673-695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019859901.
Brown T. B. et al. Language models are few-shot learners. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.14165. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.14165.
Chesney R., Citron D. K. Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security. California Law Review. 2019. Vol. 107. P. 1753. URL: https://www.californialawreview.org/print/deep-fakes-a-looming-challenge-for-privacy-democracy-and-national-security (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Couldry N., Mejias U. A. The costs of connection: How data is colonizing human life and appropriating it for capitalism. Stanford University Press, 2019. 62 p.
Media and Entertainment Industry Outlook. Deloitte, 2020. URL: https://www2.deloitte.com/gr/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/2020-Media-and-Entertainment-Industry-Outlook.html (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Diakopoulos N. Automating the News: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Media. Harvard University Press, 2019. 336 p.
Diakopoulos N. Computational News Discovery: Towards Design Considerations for Editorial Orientation Algorithms in Journalism. Digital Journalism. 2020. Vol. 8, no. 7. P. 945-967. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1736946.
Eskens S., Helberger N., Moeller J. Challenged by news personalisation: five perspectives on the right to receive information. Journal of Media Law. 2017. Vol. 9, no. 2. P. 259-284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2017.1387353.
Proposal for a Regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence. European Commission, 2021. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206 (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Flew T., Martin F., Suzor N. Internet regulation as media policy: Rethinking the question of digital communication platform governance. Journal of Digital Media & Policy. 2020. Vol. 10, no. 1. P. 33-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/jdmp.10.1.33_1.
Gervais D. J. The Machine as Author. Iowa Law Review. 2020. Vol. 105. P. 2053-2106. URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3359524 (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Gomez-Uribe C. A., Hunt N. The Netflix recommender system: Algorithms, business value, and innovation. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems. 2016. Vol. 6, no. 4. P. 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2843948.
Gorwa R., Binns R., Katzenbach C. Algorithmic content moderation: Technical and political challenges in the automation of platform governance. Big Data & Society. 2020. Vol. 7, no. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897945.
Goyal S. How the BBC is using artificial intelligence. Journalism.co.uk. 2023. URL: https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/how-the-bbc-is-using-artificial-intelligence/s2/a1168901/ (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Graefe A. Guide to Automated Journalism. Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia Journalism Review. 2016. URL: https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/guide_to_automated_journalism.php (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Graefe A. et al. Readers' perception of computer-generated news: Credibility, expertise, and readability. Journalism. 2018. Vol. 19, no. 5. P. 595-610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916641269.
Graves L. Understanding the Promise and Limits of Automated Fact-Checking. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2018. URL: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2018-02/graves_factsheet_180226%20FINAL.pdf (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
GPT-3. A robot wrote this entire article. Are you scared yet, human? The Guardian. 2020. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/08/robot-wrote-this-article-gpt-3 (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Guzman A. L., Lewis S. C. Artificial intelligence and communication: A Human--Machine Communication research agenda. New Media & Society. 2020. Vol. 22, no. 1. P. 70-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819858691.
Holcomb J., Schonfeld Z. How The New York Times uses A.I. in its journalism. The New York Times. 2024. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/07/reader-center/how-new-york-times-uses-ai-journalism.html (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Lazer D. M. et al. The science of fake news. Science. 2018. Vol. 359, no. 6380. P. 1094-1096. DOI: 10.1126/science.aao2998.
Marconi F. Newsmakers: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Journalism. Columbia University Press, 2020. 216 p.
For your eyes only: Improving Netflix video quality with neural networks. Netflix Research. URL: https://research.netflix.com/publication/for-your-eyes-only-improving-netflix-video-quality-with-neural-networks (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Newman N. Journalism, media, and technology trends and predictions 2019. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2019. URL: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/journalism-media-and-technology-trends-and-predictions-2019 (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Noble S. U. Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. NYU Press, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479833641.001.0001.
Owen L. H. The New York Times is digitizing more than 5 million photos dating back to the 1800s. Nieman Lab. 2018. URL: https://www.niemanlab.org/2018/11/the-new-york-times-is-digitizing-more-than-5-million-photos-dating-back-to-the-1800s/ (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Pariser E. The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. Penguin UK, 2011. 294 p.
Pasick A. The magic that makes Spotify's Discover Weekly playlists so damn good. Quartz. 2015. URL: https://qz.com/571007/the-magic-that-makes-spotifys-discover-weekly-playlists-so-damn-good (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Pavlik J. V. Journalism in the Age of Virtual Reality: How Experiential Media Are Transforming News. Columbia University Press, 2019. 296 p.
Peiser J. The Rise of the Robot Reporter. The New York Times. 2019. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/business/media/artificial-intelligence-journalism-robots.html (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Perez S. Spotify launches personalized AI playlists you can build using prompts. TechCrunch. 2024. URL: https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/07/spotify-launches-personalized-ai-playlists-you-can-build-using-prompts/ (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Rosen G. Community Standards Enforcement Report, First Quarter 2021. Facebook Newsroom. 2021. URL: https://about.fb.com/news/2021/05/community-standards-enforcement-report-q1-2021/ (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
The Washington Post to debut AI-powered audio updates for 2020 election results. The Washington Post. 2020. URL: https://washingtonpost.com/pr/2020/10/13/washington-post-debut-ai-powered-audio-updates-2020-election-results/ (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Thurman N., Dörr K., Kunert J. When reporters get hands-on with robo-writing: Professionals consider automated journalism's capabilities and consequences. Digital Journalism. 2019. Vol. 7, no. 8. P. 1028-1053. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1289819.
Underwood C. Automated journalism - AI applications at New York Times, Reuters, and other media giants. Emerj. 2019. URL: https://emerj.com/ai-sector-overviews/automated-journalism-applications/ (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Veale M., Borgesius F. Z. Demystifying the Draft EU Artificial Intelligence Act. Computer Law Review International. 2021. Vol. 22, no. 4. P. 97-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2107.03721.
Whittaker Z. Millions of Facebook records found on publicly accessible Amazon servers. TechCrunch. 2019. URL: https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/03/facebook-records-exposed-server/ (дата звернення: 21.10.2024).
Zellers R. et al. Defending against neural fake news. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.12616. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1905.12616.
REFERENCES
Ali, M., Sapiezynski, P., Bogen, M., Korolova, A., Mislove, A., & Rieke, A. (2019). Discrimination through optimization: How Facebook's ad delivery can lead to biased outcomes. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(CSCW), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359301
Associated Press. (2020). AP's Artificial Intelligence Statement of Principles and Best Practices.
Associated Press. (n.d.). Artificial intelligence. Retrieved October 21, 2024, from https://www.ap.org/solutions/artificial-intelligence/
Beckett, C. (2019). New powers, new responsibilities: A global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence. London School of Economics and Political Science.
Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A., & Shmitchell, S. (2021). On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big? In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 610-623). https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922
Broussard, M., Diakopoulos, N., Guzman, A. L., Abebe, R., Dupagne, M., & Chuan, C. H. (2019). Artificial intelligence and journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(3), 673-695. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019859901
Brown, T. B., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., Agarwal, S., Herbert-Voss, A., Krueger, G., Henighan, T., Child, R., Ramesh, A., Ziegler, D. M., Wu, J., Winter, C., ... Amodei, D. (2020). Language models are few-shot learners. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.14165
Chesney, R., & Citron, D. K. (2019). Deep fakes: A looming challenge for privacy, democracy, and national security. California Law Review, 107, 1753-1820. https://www.californialawreview.org/print/deep-fakes-a-looming-challenge-for-privacy-democracy-and-national-security
Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. A. (2019). The costs of connection: How data is colonizing human life and appropriating it for capitalism. Stanford University Press.
Deloitte. (2020). 2020 Media and Entertainment Industry Outlook. Retrieved October 21, 2024, from https://www2.deloitte.com/gr/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/2020-Media-and-Entertainment-Industry-Outlook.html
Diakopoulos, N. (2019). Automating the news: How algorithms are rewriting the media. Harvard University Press.
Diakopoulos, N. (2020). Computational news discovery: Towards design considerations for editorial orientation algorithms in journalism. Digital Journalism, 8(7), 945-967. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1736946
Eskens, S., Helberger, N., & Moeller, J. (2017). Challenged by news personalisation: Five perspectives on the right to receive information. Journal of Media Law, 9(2), 259-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2017.1387353
European Commission. (2021). Proposal for a Regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence. Retrieved October 21, 2024, from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206
Flew, T., Martin, F., & Suzor, N. (2020). Internet regulation as media policy: Rethinking the question of digital communication platform governance. Journal of Digital Media & Policy, 10(1), 33-50. https://doi.org/10.1386/jdmp.10.1.33_1
Gervais, D. J. (2020). The machine as author. Iowa Law Review, 105, 2053-2106.
Gomez-Uribe, C. A., & Hunt, N. (2016). The Netflix recommender system: Algorithms, business value, and innovation. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems, 6(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1145/2843948
Gorwa, R., Binns, R., & Katzenbach, C. (2020). Algorithmic content moderation: Technical and political challenges in the automation of platform governance. Big Data & Society, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897945
Goyal, S. (2023, April 7). How the BBC is using artificial intelligence. Journalism.co.uk. https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/how-the-bbc-is-using-artificial-intelligence/s2/a1168901/
Graefe, A. (2016). Guide to automated journalism. Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia University. https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/guide_to_automated_journalism.php
Graefe, A., Haim, M., Haarmann, B., & Brosius, H. B. (2018). Readers' perception of computer-generated news: Credibility, expertise, and readability. Journalism, 19(5), 595-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916641269
Graves, L. (2018). Understanding the promise and limits of automated fact-checking. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2018-02/graves_factsheet_180226%20FINAL.pdf
GPT-3. (2020, September 8). A robot wrote this entire article. Are you scared yet, human? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/08/robot-wrote-this-article-gpt-3
Guzman, A. L., & Lewis, S. C. (2020). Artificial intelligence and communication: A Human–Machine Communication research agenda. New Media & Society, 22(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819858691
Holcomb, J., & Schonfeld, Z. (2024, October 7). How The New York Times uses A.I. in its journalism. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/07/reader-center/how-new-york-times-uses-ai-journalism.html
Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., Metzger, M. J., Nyhan, B., Pennycook, G., Rothschild, D., Schudson, M., Sloman, S. A., Sunstein, C. R., Thorson, E. A., Watts, D. J., & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998
Marconi, F. (2020). Newsmakers: Artificial intelligence and the future of journalism. Columbia University Press.
Netflix Research. (n.d.). For your eyes only: Improving Netflix video quality with neural networks. Retrieved October 21, 2024, from https://research.netflix.com/publication/for-your-eyes-only-improving-netflix-video-quality-with-neural-networks
Newman, N. (2019). Journalism, media, and technology trends and predictions 2019. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/journalism-media-and-technology-trends-and-predictions-2019
Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. NYU Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479833641.001.0001
Owen, L. H. (2018, November 9). The New York Times is digitizing more than 5 million photos dating back to the 1800s. Nieman Lab. https://www.niemanlab.org/2018/11/the-new-york-times-is-digitizing-more-than-5-million-photos-dating-back-to-the-1800s/
Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. Penguin UK.
Pasick, A. (2015, December 21). The magic that makes Spotify's Discover Weekly playlists so damn good. Quartz. https://qz.com/571007/the-magic-that-makes-spotifys-discover-weekly-playlists-so-damn-good
Pavlik, J. V. (2019). Journalism in the age of virtual reality: How experiential media are transforming news. Columbia University Press.
Peiser, J. (2019, February 5). The rise of the robot reporter. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/business/media/artificial-intelligence-journalism-robots.html
Perez, S. (2024, April 7). Spotify launches personalized AI playlists you can build using prompts. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/07/spotify-launches-personalized-ai-playlists-you-can-build-using-prompts/
Rosen, G. (2021, May 19). Community Standards Enforcement Report, First Quarter 2021. Facebook Newsroom. https://about.fb.com/news/2021/05/community-standards-enforcement-report-q1-2021/
The Washington Post. (2020, October 13). The Washington Post to debut AI-powered audio updates for 2020 election results. https://washingtonpost.com/pr/2020/10/13/washington-post-debut-ai-powered-audio-updates-2020-election-results/
Thurman, N., Dörr, K., & Kunert, J. (2019). When reporters get hands-on with robo-writing: Professionals consider automated journalism's capabilities and consequences. Digital Journalism, 7(8), 1028-1053. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1289819
Underwood, C. (2019, March 16). Automated journalism - AI applications at New York Times, Reuters, and other media giants. Emerj. https://emerj.com/ai-sector-overviews/automated-journalism-applications/
Veale, M., & Borgesius, F. Z. (2021). Demystifying the Draft EU Artificial Intelligence Act. Computer Law Review International, 22(4), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2107.03721
Whittaker, Z. (2019, April 3). Millions of Facebook records found on publicly accessible Amazon servers. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/03/facebook-records-exposed-server/
Zellers, R., Holtzman, A., Rashkin, H., Bisk, Y., Farhadi, A., Roesner, F., & Choi, Y. (2019). Defending against neural fake news. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1905.12616
##submission.downloads##
Опубліковано
Як цитувати
Номер
Розділ
Ліцензія
Авторське право (c) 2024 Маркін М. О., Батрак Є. О., Маркіна О. М., Сегол Р. І.
Ця робота ліцензується відповідно до Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Автори, які публікуються у цьому журналі, погоджуються з наступними умовами:
- Автори залишають за собою право на авторство своєї роботи та передають журналу право першої публікації цієї роботи на умовах ліцензії Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, котра дозволяє іншим особам вільно розповсюджувати опубліковану роботу з обов'язковим посиланням на авторів оригінальної роботи та першу публікацію роботи у цьому журналі.
- Автори мають право укладати самостійні додаткові угоди щодо неексклюзивного розповсюдження роботи у тому вигляді, в якому вона була опублікована цим журналом (наприклад, розміщувати роботу в електронному сховищі установи або публікувати у складі монографії), за умови збереження посилання на першу публікацію роботи у цьому журналі.